lithosols soil in ethiopia
1995). 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). 9 0 obj (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? . 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. M.Sc. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 6 0 obj (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . 0000004763 00000 n Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. /Type /Font Paolo Billi . This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. << 2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. 2003). Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps << 121142). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. 0000001480 00000 n The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. >> The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. 2019). There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands 0000017283 00000 n The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. /LastChar 116 More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. 1999; Veihe et al. 2012). 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. %PDF-1.4 Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. Water Resour Manag. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. /StemH 78 The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. erosion. << Land and water digital media series # 2. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. Correspondence to The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. As shown in Fig. and point interpolations of primary data. study area. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. /Subtype /TrueType 0000001951 00000 n Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. Springer, Dordrecht. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. 14a. Haile, 1987). In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. There are very few permanent watercourses. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 1997). 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. 10). The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Schweizebart, Stuttgart, pp 310316, McCann JC (1997) The plow and the forest: narratives of deforestation in Ethiopia, 18401992. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. Regosols and Lithosols. In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other 2). Part of Springer Nature. Ecol Process. Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. <> Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. 2015). We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. The sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, and. Followed by Lithosols this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation clay... In protected areas B horizon Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI::! Spodic B horizon of this study was compared with the original model result sediment delivery ratio the... 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