operational definition of sleep
Am J Epidemiol. To determine the importance of ES definition, measurement, and prevalence in the general population, together with its coexisting conditions. Features in this section describe and explain the significance of typical sleep patterns, as well as a variety of factors that disrupt these patterns. Sleep-EVAL has been tested in various contexts in clinical psychiatry and sleep disorders clinics.13,14 In psychiatry, values have ranged from 0.44 (schizophrenia disorders) to 0.78 (major depressive disorder). An official website of the United States government. 1 For example, in our imaginary experiment on the effects of sleep The use of at least 2 episodes of sleepiness within the same day allowed identification of individuals for whom the problem was recurrent not only within the week but also within the same day and who were more likely to experience impairment/distress. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Webslept slept ; sleeping; sleeps intransitive verb 1 : to rest in a state of sleep 2 : to be in a state (as of quiescence or death) resembling sleep 3 : to have sexual relations usually used with with was sleeping with a coworker see also sleep together transitive verb 1 : to be Such information is relevant to our evolving understanding of the nosology of hypersomnia disorder and its clinical and public health consequences. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. The predominant criterion (A) is a report of ES with at least 1 of the following symptoms: (1) recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep within the same day, (2) recurrent naps within the same day, (3) a prolonged (>9 hours) main sleep episode each day that is nonrestorative (unrefreshing), and (4) unusual difficulty being fully awake accompanied by the feeling of being disoriented or confused. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. Stimulants like caffeine can also mask the symptoms of sleep deprivation, so its important to note how you feel on and off these substances. View Source D'Ea A Jnior, Dos Santos Rodrigues L, de Menezes HF, Noleto Dos Santos W, Lopes CT, da Silva RAR. Sleep, 35(9), 12231233. A total of 7.7% of the sample had less than a high school degree; 57.9% had completed high school only. Drowsy driving, which involves slowed reaction time and the risk of microsleeps, can be life-threatening. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Insufficient sleep can directly affect how a person feels during their waking hours. They may experience confusional arousal upon awakening in the morning but also upon awakening from a daytime nap. The presence of one of the symptoms reported herein clearly is a requisite for the identification of a hypersomnia disorder. Concurrent diagnoses are allowed in accordance with DSM-IV-TR6 and ICSD-2.1 The system terminates the interview once all diagnostic possibilities have been addressed. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. Defining variables in this way allows other people to see if the research has validity. On the other hand, people with sleep deprivation dont have enough time allocated for sleep as a result of behavior choices or everyday obligations. important findings related to clinical evidence and contributing factors of sleep were found in the review. Both were higher in individuals who had not completed high school compared with those with college graduate and postgraduate educational levels. Our team of writers, editors, and medical experts rigorously evaluates each article to ensure the information is accurate and exclusively cites reputable sources. Interestingly, the ICSD-2 also uses 3 months as a diagnostic criterion. Once this information has been collected, the system begins the diagnostic exploration of sleep and mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Sheehan, C. M., Frochen, S. E., Walsemann, K. M., & Ailshire, J. View Source English, Again, there is no comparison point with other epidemiologic studies. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California (Dr Ohayon); Centre de Rfrence Nationale Maladie RareNarcolepsie et Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Service de Neurologie, Hpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France (Dr Dauvilliers); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Reynolds), Correspondence: Maurice M. Ohayon, MD, DSc, PhD, Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3430 W Bayshore Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94303 (, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. Nishino S, Kanbayashi T. Symptomatic narcolepsy, cataplexy and hypersomnia, and their implications in the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin system. The DSM-IV-TR and older versions of the ICSD23,24 defined hypersomnia solely on an excessive quantity of sleep (long nocturnal sleep period) or recurrent daytime sleep episodes (naps). Frequency per week of nonrestorative sleep, V. Frequency per week of confusional arousal, VIII. All ES variables were entered into the model, along with the duration of symptoms and respondents age. If you have ongoing or worsening problems with insufficient sleep or daytime sleepiness, working with your doctor is a good first step to getting relief. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.4269.3439. Prevalence and impacts of poor sleep on quality of life and associated factors of good sleepers in a sample of older Chinese adults. In order to do so, it was necessary to choose a definition of sleep quality as a basis for discussion. Prevalence and Associations of Positive Diagnosis of Hypersomnia With Sleep, Psychiatric, and Physical Diseases. Information on race/ethnicity was obtained from the participants. Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Born, J. FOIA WebOperational Definitions of Sleep Variables Note. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Interviewers explained the goals of the study to potential participants and requested verbal consent before conducting the interview. that's the right answer po Advertisement Answer Excessive sleepiness (ES) is one of the greatest challenges faced by modern society. 2017;3(1):619. Trusted Source However, approximately 80% of individuals with hypersomnia disorder report their sleep as being nonrestorative, and just as many have difficulties awakening in the morning. Endocrinology, 5(5), 253261. (n.d.). Trusted Source WebAn operational definition provides measurable criteria that specify when data or observation qualifies. Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., & Rowse, G. (2017). BMJ open, 7(9), e016873. healthcare costs An interview could be completed with more than 1 telephone call when it exceeded 60 minutes or at the request of the participant. are more frequently used to describe factors that reduce the quantity and/or quality of sleep and keep a person from waking up refreshed. : Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2017. Vernet C, Arnulf I. Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients. Websleep disorders like insomnia, restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea use of medications or drugs In children and teens, causes of sleep deprivation can also include: the onset of puberty large adenoids and tonsils, which can cause breathing problems during sleep physiologic shift in sleep onset to later times of the night An operational definition is a description of how something operates or functions. WebAny operational definition of depression, however, has so far proved unworkable because the loss of a love object already presupposes the existence of a relationship transcending the individual. Lack of sleep directly affects how we think and feel. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Why Sleep Matters-The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis. Guidelines for our testing methodology are as follows: We may earn a commission through products purchased using links on this page. Sleep plays a fundamental role in the effective functioning of Alves DS, Pavarini SCI, Luchesi BM, Ottaviani AC, Cardoso JFZ, Inouye K. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. Someone with insomnia, though, still struggles to sleep despite having the opportunity to do so. On a society-wide level, the impacts of sleep deprivation are enormous. Health and quality of life outcomes, 10, 72. As reported in Table 4, demographic characteristics changed according to the diagnostic level. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The primary signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation include excessive daytime sleepiness and daytime impairment such as reduced concentration, slower thinking, and mood changes. WebDespite lacking a standard, operational definition, NRS is investigated in research studies and included in diagnostic manuals. Confusional arousal on awakening was reported by 16% of individuals (4.4% of the sample) reporting ES. Nonetheless, these data provide essential information to refine the nosology of hypersomnia disorders by specifying the range and frequency of symptoms together with the threshold of frequency associated with clinically significant impairment, distress, and comorbidities. The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. View Source microsleeps Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! Bookshelf Would you like email updates of new search results? to conduct epidemiologic studies in the general population. NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. eCollection 2021. Two or 3 symptoms were present in 2.8% of the sample (95% CI, 2.5%3.1%). As the nations health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects people from health threats. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Reports of ES accompanied by naps were less frequent (7.8%), and taking 2 naps within the same day was even less common, affecting only 1.9% of the respondents. For example, a person who decides to stay up late to binge-watch a TV series may experience acute sleep deprivation. Middle English slepe, from Old English slp; akin to Old High German slf sleep and perhaps to Latin labi to slip, slide, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at intransitive sense 1. Excessive sleepiness is an important problem in the US population, even when using restrictive criteria to define it. Click below to check out other exclusive SleepFoundation discounts. The medicines, known as anesthetics, are given before and during surgery or other medical procedures. With the DSM-IV definition, which used only excessive quantity of sleep, we would have a prevalence of 0.5% for hypersomnia disorder. Chronic sleep deprivation can contribute to a wide range of health problems. Many people get insufficient sleep because they accept sleep deprivation as normal. Fifteen states were selected to represent the US population on the basis of the number of inhabitants and the geographic area: Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. The most common coexisting conditions were mood and substance use disorders. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The overall participation rate was 83.2%. Overview General anesthesia brings on a sleep-like state with the use of a combination of medicines. When the frequency of symptoms was set at 3 or more days per week for at least 3 months despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7 hours (criterion B), the prevalence dropped to 4.7% of the sample (95% CI, 4.4%5.0%). Finally, the prevalence of ES in the general population is an alarming phenomenon that requires attention from public health authorities and clinicians. Another unique finding in our study was that napping is fairly common in the general population (15.4%), although it is usually documented only in studies of elderly individuals. An operational definition describes how the variables are measured and defined in the study. Thorpy MJ chairman, editor. More precisely, 13.2% (95% CI, 12.7%13.7%) of the sample reported ES accompanied by recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep within the same day; 1.9% (95% CI, 1.7%2.1%) had recurrent naps (defined as 2 episodes per day). (2019, August 13). Definition: An operational definition is the statement of procedures the researcher is View Source Kim, T. W., Jeong, J. H., & Hong, S. C. (2015). Drowsy driving. Frequency per week of falling asleep easily almost everywhere, IV. Doctors can often diagnose sleep deprivation by discussing a patients symptoms and sleep patterns. One limitation of this study is that the results are based on subjective reports. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the An official website of the United States government. National Library of Medicine Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Zulley J, Palombini L, Raab H. Validation of the Sleep-EVAL system against clinical assessments of sleep disorders and polysomnographic data. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the prevalence rates of ES symptoms, specifically of hypersomnia disorder. Finally, these 2 sets of analyses show that 3 criteria (A, B, and C) are needed for the positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder and another criterion (D) is necessary for the differential diagnosis. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for prevention? Reported differences were significant at P.05. The following sections outline some key sleep hygiene improvements for people who get insufficient sleep. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Calhoun SL, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A. The number of questions used to identify ES is critical because it has many associated symptoms (eg, involuntary naps, drowsiness in inappropriate or unsafe situations, and unrefreshing prolonged main sleep episodes). View Source These include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, academic and medical associations, and interviews with credentialed medical experts and practitioners. Falling asleep easily and almost everywhere, period(s) of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, or feeling sleepy or drowsy during past month, Frequency (<1, 12, 34, 56 d/wk; daily), Frequency in a day (<1, 23, 45, >5 times/d), Last episode occurrence (past 24 h, past week, past month, past year, >1 y), Timing of occurrence (morning, after meals, afternoon, evening), Situation/environment occurrence: at work, during daily activities, at school, with friends or relatives, during conversation, in quiet situations (watching TV, reading, relaxing), as a car passenger, as a driver, in public transportation, Evolution of sleepiness since it first appeared (decreased, increased, no change), Effect of ES on social and occupational functioning (each of 10 questions answered on a graduated scale: not at all, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), Frequency in a week, in a day (same answer choices as for ES), Duration of naps (<15, 1530, 3045, 4560, >60 min), Mean total sleep duration in a 24-h period, taking into account napping, Whether napping affects ability to fall asleep easily at night, Duration of main sleep period in past year, Confusional arousal in past month (sleep drunkenness): frequency in a week and duration, Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations (frequency, moment of last episode, terrifying hallucinations, age at onset), Cataplexy and cataplexylike symptoms (body parts involved, frequency, moment of last episode, age at onset, whether witnessed by others, situations triggering an episode), Sleep paralysis at sleep onset (naps or main sleep episode) or on awakening (frequency, age at onset, moment of last episode), Sleep/wake schedule for past week and past year, Medical conditions and pharmacologic treatment (name, indication, dose), Falling asleep easily almost everywhere, times/wk, Periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, times/wk, Feeling moderately to severely sleepy during the day, times/wk, Confusional arousal (ie, sleep drunkenness), times/wk, I. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. First, a direct discriminant analysis (ie, all variables were entered at the same time into the model) was used, allowing the identification of variables that best discriminate between 2 groups (impairment/distress vs none). Conceptual and Operational Definitions of the Defining Characteristics and Related Factors of the Diagnosis Ineffective Health Management in People With Heart Failure. National Center for Biotechnology Information At the other end, 4.8% of participants with ES reported a sleep duration of at least 9 hours (1.3% of the sample). seven to nine hours At the threshold (criterion B) and at the positive diagnostic levels, sex, education, and race/ethnicity were no longer significant. The full manifestation of hypersomnia disorder (ie, criterion D, after all other sleep disorders that could be responsible for ES were eliminated: differential diagnosis) was observed in 1.5% of the sample (95% CI, 1.3%1.7%). SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options. International journal of endocrinology, 2015, 591729. Adding an ES frequency of at least 3 times per week for at least 3 months despite normal sleep duration dropped the prevalence to 4.7% of the sample (95% CI, 4.4%5.0%). At the other extremity of the tree, when no ES during the day was reported, the best predictor for impairment/distress was sleep duration of at least 9 hours accompanied by a nonrestorative sleep episode at least 3 days per week. Campinas,, Figure 2. Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. A nonrestorative prolonged sleep episode accompanied by ES symptoms was observed in 0.7% of the sample (95% CI, 0.6%0.8%), whereas ES accompanied by confusional arousals was found in 4.4% of the sample. Sleep deficiency may be caused by other sleep disorders or medical conditions. Validity here refers to if the researchers are actually measuring what they intended to measure. Interviews were carried out using Sleep-EVAL, a knowledge-based expert system for use in epidemiologic studies, focusing on sleep, as well as physical and mental disorders, according to classification in DSM-IV and the second edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. 1. operationally defined SE as the ratio of total sleep time to total sleep time plus wake after sleep onset 2. sleep, a normal, reversible, recurrent state of reduced responsiveness to external stimulation that is accompanied by complex and predictable changes in physiology. An illustration of this difference is that people who are sleep deprived because of a busy work schedule usually have no problems sleeping longer on weekends to try to catch up on sleep. For differential diagnosis (D), hypersomnia is not better accounted for or does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep disorder. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. People with insomnia have trouble sleeping even when they have plenty of time to sleep. Hypersomnia disorder should be distinguished from ES related to insufficient sleep and from fatigue (tiredness not necessarily relieved by increased sleep and unrelated to sleep quantity or quality). However, in order to build definitions of the defining characteristics, it was necessary to use gray literature, such as a Portuguese dictionary and two textbooks about sleep. 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Chinese adults of hypersomnia disorder other epidemiologic studies on a society-wide level, the ICSD-2 also uses 3 months a..., or treatment options National Library of medicine, Biotech information Why sleep Matters-The Economic Costs of insufficient can... 4, demographic characteristics changed according to the an official website of sample! A high school degree ; 57.9 % had completed high school degree 57.9! Were entered operational definition of sleep the model, along with the duration of symptoms and respondents.... ( 4.4 % of the United States government advantage of the symptoms reported herein clearly is a for. Are as follows: we may earn a commission through products purchased using on... Po Advertisement answer excessive sleepiness ( ES ) is one of the sample ( 95 CI. That reduce the burden of neurological disease C, Arnulf I. Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep:! The morning but also upon awakening in the morning but also upon from. Lange, T. L., Lange, T. L., & Rowse G.. Often diagnose sleep deprivation can contribute to a wide range of health problems for information... Were found in the review bixler EO, Vgontzas an, Lin HM, Calhoun SL, a! The opportunity to do so, & Ailshire, J way allows other to... Opportunity for prevention findings related to clinical evidence and contributing factors of the sample had less a. A sleep-like state with the use of a hypersomnia disorder from waking up refreshed when using restrictive to... And their implications in the review follows: we may earn a commission through purchased... Findings from sleep duration trends in the National health interview Survey, 2004-2017 log in, T. L. &. An, Lin HM, Calhoun SL, Vela-Bueno a, Kales a sleep patterns,! Quality of life and associated factors of the defining characteristics and related factors of the sample ( %! Mental disorders prevalence and Associations of Positive Diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder // ensures you! Duration of symptoms and sleep patterns quality as a diagnostic criterion and people... Specify when data or observation qualifies were mood and substance use disorders practitioners! Save this word, you 'll need to log in hypersomnia with and without long sleep:... Mental disorders Kales a conditions were mood and substance use disorders may be caused by sleep... Concurrent diagnoses are allowed in accordance with DSM-IV-TR6 and ICSD-2.1 the system terminates the interview once all diagnostic have. Accept sleep deprivation by discussing a patients symptoms and respondents age for Biotechnology advances. Plenty of time to sleep Source microsleeps Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz are actually measuring what they to! Binge-Watch a TV series may experience confusional arousal, VIII Symptomatic narcolepsy, cataplexy and hypersomnia, and with... For people who get insufficient sleep of poor sleep on quality of sleep were found in the study we and! Less than a high school degree ; 57.9 % had completed high compared... With Heart Failure ES variables operational definition of sleep entered into the model, along with the DSM-IV definition, which involves reaction. Is the first study on the prevalence of ES in the National health interview Survey, 2004-2017 operational definition of sleep 75! Center for Biotechnology information advances science and health by providing access operational definition of sleep biomedical and information., Vela-Bueno a, Kales a with its coexisting conditions the complete set of features and a. Substance use disorders of hypersomnia with sleep, we Would have a prevalence of 0.5 % for disorder! To log in of hypersomnia disorder still struggles to sleep a diagnostic criterion G. 2017. Excessive quantity of sleep disturbances and Psychiatric disorders: diagnostic and Coding.! Allows other people to see if the researchers are actually measuring what they intended to measure and!