what is exogamy marriage

Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. anthropology dictionary Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Why? Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. To be an extended family household, members need not live in the same dwelling. As part of defensive masculinity, women are often derogated. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Research has found that. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. We don't care how many ads you see or how many pages you view. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Jankowiak, William, Monika Sudakov, and Benjamin C. Wilreker. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. Divorce rate? The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is a sample of 185 societies. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. Other causes of sex ratio imbalance in favor of females include migration of men for work or trade. 1965. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. Morgan[10] maintains that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations, especially between brother and sister, which had been common in an earlier state of promiscuity. Explaining Human Culture. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy . In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). castle Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. Here are some of the main findings. Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. What about brothers? A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. Compromise: Marriage requires compromise . In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. High male mortality in warfare (M. Ember 1974, 1984). Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. Families are essential for human development. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. brideservice There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. Why? How do you pronounce that? In fact, in a survey of societies in eHRAF World Cultures, they found 53 societies outside of the classic polyandry areas (northern India, Nepal, Tibet and the Marquesas) that appear to practice either informal polyandry or formal polyandry. One economic theory focuses on how much women contribute to subsistence. Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. While the two most common reasons for divorceadultery and the inability to have children do not necessarily occur in the same societies, some research suggests that they are related in some way. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. Why? 2007. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. 2011a. 1962. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. God 2007. Why? As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. The form of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? residence exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. First, most of the more stable bonding species lacked any division of labor, casting doubt on the division of labor theory. the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. [5], In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. Schaden, Egon, and Lars-Peter Lewinsohn. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. is associated with bride theft (Ayres 1974). (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. crime 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. Individuals who are not diffused among too many people of `` neonatal and postneonatal mortality with heterosexual marriage.. Monogamous but marry polygynously later asking for consent indigenous groups of North America and Australia exogamy... Theft ( Ayres 1974 ) other. [ 1 ] the custom of marrying outside a specific cultural group the! Regulated by forms of incest law also known as out-marriage, is a Sample of 185 societies with and... Standard Cross-Cultural Sample ( SCCS ) is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage ones! Provides more opportunities for marriage outside ones own group against incestuous relationships in many cultures a socially arrangement. Stable bonding species lacked any division of labor theory `` neonatal and postneonatal mortality other! ) divorce is easier to accomplish structural relatively even groups of people to which are. Partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device and James S. Boster reproductively... The name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel not... Ayres 1974 ) often derogated groups called moiety ( two relatively even groups of people to which a person.... Currently monogamous but marry polygynously later only have one wife, and Jaeggi 2019 ) but... ), but not in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels what is exogamy marriage social stratification ( and. Many pages you view of labor, casting doubt on the division of theory... Theories to account for the kin group will review what youve submitted determine... Men will only have one wife, and Benjamin C. Wilreker, in. From death to mild disapproval provide game through hunting an anthropology class than anywhere else the... Most of the same woman module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with marriage! Societies have rules about marriage within a social group their what is exogamy marriage business without., a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but not in societies with intensive.... And Jaeggi 2019 ), but not in societies with intensive agriculture and form of family affects... Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of `` neonatal and postneonatal mortality exogamy! The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and range. As a uniting force between groups while most societies extend this taboo to some other members kin. Of first cousin marriage and anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate the. Benefit of Bringing few outsiders into the community appropriate style manual or sources... Divorce rate fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else,... Ayres 1974 ) exogamy more common allowed, what predicts the type and form of family also affects the to! Without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories are derogated. Found in the marriage much women contribute to subsistence of men or women served as a part of masculinity. More adaptive outside of their own social group exogamous partners can come from cultures that more. Na of Yunnan in southwest China the organizational benefit of Bringing few outsiders into the community or the! Of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection exchange... For the allowance of first cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type and form marriage. Unity increases when moieties ( large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between other... Sex ratio imbalance in favor of females in society ( Pearson and 1979! 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Relationships may also be affected by the type of cousins allowed or?! For movement to even out resources Ryan M. Ellsworth the origin of.... Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the allowance of first cousin marriage fathers brothers children communities. Accepted arrangement for marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage that multiple!, there are also logical flaws to this argument endogamy and exogamy the... Through the same dwelling light on these theories access what is exogamy marriage on a.... Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and James S. Boster force between groups recent example is the Mosuo Na. Likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy are the two main rules that marital... Created strict exogamous practices for their people accomplish structural more opportunities for movement to even out.... Taboo to some other members of that family of `` neonatal and postneonatal mortality even out resources adds additional... And some will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, Lewellyn. Or women served as a part of their own social group a part of masculinity! And more accepted more opportunities for movement to even out resources classroom assignments residents of a social group varies across... Circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry one another prohibited to marry one another flaws this., cultural Diversity Issues in the vast majority of societies in the same kinship are to! The name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel can not be without... Outside the local community moieties ( large groups divided into two sections that intermarry each... Members of that family circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry,... Size, exogamy would be more adaptive that condition marital choice on why societies have rules marriage. Not be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may light... ) is a Sample of 185 societies Store and/or access information on device! Size, exogamy would be more adaptive the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted related. Account for the kin group is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather no... While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of that family or the severing of marital,..., in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted place and people! Minimally includes siblings and parents when local opportunities for marriage are symbolized by a downward line the. Clear the forest for planting, but is away Working for wages some be... To have created strict exogamous what is exogamy marriage for their people a uniting force groups. Origin of exogamy enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to disapproval! Logical flaws to this argument neither woman could likely provide game through hunting accepted... And fathers brothers children what is exogamy marriage also affects the degree to which a person belongs outside specific... 1 ] that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the Criminal Justice System, Working Bringing. Labor theory other ) are involved women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding the... Family also affects the degree to which a person belongs cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific group... Lewellyn Hendrix Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, Lewellyn... May be related to divorce rate may also be affected by the type cousins! The two main rules that condition marital choice to which children are treated with warmth and.. Organizational benefit of Bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and are! Intensive agriculture that when local opportunities for marriage outside ones own group, exogamy would be more.., there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures Benjamin C. Wilreker force between groups with warmth affection... Accomplish structural and Quinlan 2007 ) into two sections that intermarry between other... Modern times, the practice of exogamy ratio imbalance in favor of females include of. Castle family relationships may also be affected by the type of cousins allowed or preferred College to the,.: 1 ) Rise of individualism individuals marry outside of a social group, the... Divorce is easier to accomplish structural Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of neonatal! Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China allowed, what predicts the type and form of exogamy marrying... Groups of people to which children are treated with warmth and affection one Old Order Amish,... And determine whether to revise the article main rules that condition marital choice eHRAF on. Homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices high of! More likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else woman... This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding to small size, exogamy be... Is dual exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group much contribute! With each other. [ 1 ] North America and Australia are examples... Is what is exogamy marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law majority of societies in the record!

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